Shamanism, Drums, sticks, and other objects

An important device of the shaman is the drum, which always has only one membrane. It is usually oval but sometimes round. The outer side of the membrane, and the inside as well among some peoples, is decorated with drawings; e.g., the Turks, or Tatars, of Abakan mark the Upper and Lower World. The handle is usually in the shape of a cross (see photograph), but sometimes there is only